Millions of years ago the oceans were home to all living things.Then some organisms moved up on land. Previosly (in the notes for plants and invertebrates) it was mentioned the problems that had to be overcome for animals and plants to become land organisms.
Through natural selection, evolutionary innovations enabled water-dwelling animals and plants to survive, and then thrive, on land -- such as exoskeletons and endoskeletons, legs and feet, cold blood and warm blood, lungs, hard-shelled eggs, fur, and live young (exemples of this is found in diverse group of arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals).
Class Jawless fishes (Agnatha) lamprey, hagfish Note: Newer research remove the hagfishes from the vertebrates but include them in a new group called "craniates". This nullifies the name Agnatha for the lampreys. The lampreys (have a cranium and vertebrae) instead become the class Cephalaspidomorphi. Hagfishes (have a cranium but no vertebrae) become class Myxini. This classification is followed below. Class Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) sharks, rays Class Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) all fishes with bony skeleton Class Amphibians (Amphibia) frogs, toads, salamanders Class Reptiles (Reptilia) snakes, lizards, turtles Class Birds (Aves) all organisms with feathers Class Mammals (Mammalia) Platypus, Marsupials, Placentals
MAMMALS
Class Mammals (Mammalia)
Platypus, Marsupials, Placental mammals
i. Subclass Monotremes (Holotheria)
-- duck-billed platypus (females lay eggs)
ii. Subclass Marsupials (Metatheria)
-- koala bear, kangaroo, opossum (females have pouches)
iii. Subclass Placental mammals (Eutheria)
Placental mammal page, fr. Biology, 7th. ed., Solomon, et.al., Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learn. Used f. educ. purposes by Dr. J.A. Nilsson, STCC.
Placental mammal page, fr. Biology, 5th. ed., Raven, et.al., WBC/McGraw-Hill. Used f. educ. purposes by Dr. J.A. Nilsson, STCC.
Infraorder 1: New World Monkeys (tail -- some prehensile tail) Infraorder 2: Old World Monkeys (rather short tail, some no tail)
Superfamily: Hominoids (Hominoidea -- Apes)
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One potential family classification:
FAMILY Hylobatidae -- gibbons (Lesser Apes) FAMILY Pongidae -- orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee (Greater Apes) FAMILY Hominidae -- humans (Hominids)
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Another potential family classification?:
FAMILY Hylobatidae -- gibbons (Lesser Apes) FAMILY Pongidae -- orangutan (Asian Greater Apes) FAMILY Hominidae -- gorilla, chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, humans (African Greater Apes)
HUMANS
0.0045 billion yrsa (4.5 mya)
OLDEST HOMINID FOSSILS -- Australopithecus sp.
0.003 billion yrsa (3 mya)
FIRST HOMO sp. -- Homohabilis -- Homoerectus -- Homosapiens
Human Evolutionary Tree. (Source: http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_5.htm. )
Human Evolutionary Tree. (Source: Old version of Biology by Sylvia Mader.)
Human Evolutionary Tree. (Source: http://scienceagainstevolution.org/v4i4f.htm)
Human Evolutionary Tree. (Source: http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_5.htm. )
Start of CULTURAL EVOLUTION
AGRICULTURE
--- Out of Africa (Africa the Human Cradle) ---
Humankind started in Africa. The fossil evidence has long indicated there were two great migrations out of Africa.
Out of Africa I. About 1.8 million years ago bands of Homo erectus moved along the eastern Mediterranean shores, gradually spreading East and West. This first wave of migration is called 'Out of Africa I'.
Out of Africa II. Our species, Homo sapiens, appears to have originated in Eastern Africa around 200,000 years ago and there is strong evidence small populations of H. sapiens were moving north out of Africa and pressing into the near East around 100,000 years ago. This has been called Out of Africa II. Until very recently there appeared to be a gap in this migration for we find the first evidence of Homo sapiens in what is now eastern Europe around 40 to 50,000 years ago and fuzzier dating for migrations eastward into Asia. Source: http://www.becominghuman.org/node/news/out-africa-ii-refined
"Scientists using chemical isotopes in ancient soil to measure prehistoric tree covering effect, shade have found that grassy, tree-dotted savannas prevailed at most East African sites where human ancestors and their ape relatives evolved during the past six million years." (Source: http://www.informafrica.com/blog/human-evolution-six-million-years-of-african-savanna/)
Famous biologists / anthropologists who have helped us understand human evolution...
Dr. Dawkins at the age when he was doing field research.
(Source: Click on the video.)
Dr. Johanson and Dr. Leakey at the age when they were doing field research.
"Celebrating decades of groundbreaking exploration in East Africa, renowned paleoanthropologists Donald Johanson and Richard Leakey shared the stage at the American Museum of Natural History on May 5, 2011, to discuss the overwhelming evidence for evolution in the hominid fossil record and why understanding our evolutionary history is so important."
(Source: Click on the video.)
0- 10 min: Introduction by Dr. Gupta; part of Dr. Leakey talk (to footprints discovered by Mary Leakey)
25:45 - 36:00 min. part of Dr. Dr. Johanson's talk (to footprints discovered by Mary Leaky)
39:56 -41:03 min. Dr. Johanson's conclusion
--- The Future of Human Evolution (Space Colonization) ---
The earth's existence have limits. In the Town Hall meeting we have discussed the fate of the sun. It may be billions of years before the sun burns out or explodes, but when that happens we must be living on a distance solar system far away from this solar system. To develop an interstellar culture will take time. At present we cannot even go to the moon.
Then we have climate change -- global warming. Are we doing something about it? Are we doing enough? How many think it is a hoax!?
Some say we should take care of our planet, instead of going into space. That is very narrowminded thinking. We don't know, it may only be months or years before a disaster such as an asteroid impact, a nuclear war, or a biological agent, will make 'spaceship earth' uninhabitable.
We need a 'back-up planet'. We must expand beyond only one planet to decrease the likelihood that a single catastrophe will cause the extinction of our species.
Mars Colonization (SpaceX Founder, CEO, and Lead Designer Elon Musk)
Published on Sep 27, 2016
Elon Musk discusses the long-term technical challenges that need to be solved to support the creation of a permanent, self-sustaining human presence on Mars. The presentation focuses on potential architectures for sustaining humans on the Red Planet that industry, government and the scientific community can collaborate on in the years ahead.
Overview:
00:00. Why Mars and become a multi-planetary civilization
05:55. Early exploration missions
09:15. Challenge 1: Full re-usability
11:17. Challenge 2: Refilling in orbit
12:31. Challenge 3: Mars propellant production
13:29. Challenge 4: Right Propellant
16:00. Mars Vehicle video
21:34. System architecture
23:25. Technical details
28:27. Vehicles by performance
31:38. Thruster & booster
36:27. Spaceship
39:34. Heat shield & Crew compartment
42:22. Costs & funding
45:45. History of SpaceX
52:34. NextŠ Dragon 2 on Mars in 2018
57:47. Raptor engine & carbon fibre tank
1:01:47. Beyond Mars
Cringeworthy Q&A
1:04:41. Initial test flights of Mars Vehicle
1:06:30. Toilets on Mars
1:08:25. Who should be first to Mars
1:11:03. Risk of radiation
1:14:26. Hiring other nationalities at SpaceX
1:16:18. Returning from Mars
1:17:58. Why Mars?
1:20:58. Requirements to go to Mars
1:22:05. Resources
1:24:00. Elon in Space and Mars?
1:25:05. Interstellar travel
1:27:49. Cycler
1:29:25. Name of the first ship to go to Mars "Earth of Gold"
Date: September 27, 2016
(Source: Dr. Nilsson's old lecture notes. Permission given in 2001 by McGraw-Hills then sales representative, Don Grainger, to use the picture online on lecture notes.)
Movement to land ---
Millions of years ago the oceans were home to all living things. Then some organisms moved up on land. Previosly (in the notes for plants and invertebrates) it was mentioned the problems that had to be overcome for animals and plants to become land organisms. 
Review of human classification ---
CHORDATA
MAMMALS
-- duck-billed platypus
PRIMATES
HUMANS
Human Evolutionary Tree. (Source: http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_5.htm. )
Out of Africa (Africa the Human Cradle) ---
"Celebrating decades of groundbreaking exploration in East Africa, renowned paleoanthropologists Donald Johanson and Richard Leakey shared the stage at the American Museum of Natural History on May 5, 2011, to discuss the overwhelming evidence for evolution in the hominid fossil record and why understanding our evolutionary history is so important."
The Future of Human Evolution (Space Colonization) ---