The Learning Resource goal is to use the Internet and become independent of the textbook. It is a project in progress...   Ch. 1, 17.
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 Ch. 1, 27, 28
  Rhizobium nodules From Biology by Mader, Ed. 7. 2001.  Classification ---This Learning Resource includes review of General Biology I Learning Resources 1 (Introduction to Classification) and 15 (Evolution).     Classification works on the basis that all living things are descended from a common ancestor -- the first cell or cells about 4 billion years ago, and that humans had a common ancestor with the chimpanzee living about 5 million years ago.--- We classify thing according to how they are RELATED (Picture from ed. 10 of Biology, by Mader.)   To organize the diversity of organisms on earth, they are "classified" into 8 major levels of classification (taxonomical categories) -- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. (Fore source click on the picture...)  (Fore source click on the picture...)  (Fore source click on the picture...)  (Fore source click on the picture...)  There are 3 domains and 6 kingdoms (see figure above of the Domain/Kingdom taxonomic tree). Scientits are still working on how many kingdoms should be considered in the domain Bactria and Archaea...Bacteria (Prokaryotic) Archaea (Prokaryotic) Eukarya (Eukaryotic)  Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia (Picture from ed. 3 of Essentials of Biology, by Mader.)  (Picture from ed. 10 of Biology, by Raven.)  Biodiversity.Biodiversity (def.): The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. (Oxford Dictionary. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/biodiversity) "Estimates of species loss -- up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050 (2007, Sigmar Gabriel, the Federal Environment Minister of Germany). Others estimates -- 140,000 species are lost each year. This trends has named the current period the Sixth Great Extinction." Extinctions are not new, but the current trend is caused, by human action‹ poaching, habitat destruction, pollution, and aclimate change. What does humanity lose when global biodiversity is significantly reduced?" Six problems caused by shrinking biodiversity: (http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/6-problems-caused-shrinking-biodiversity.html) 1. Economic Cost 2. Reduced Food Security 3. Increased Contact With Disease 4. More Unpredictable Weather 5. Loss of Livelihoods 6. Losing Sight of "Nature"  Evolution ---(Picture from ed. 10 of Biology, by Mader.) Living things, and the common ancestry of living things, can be depicted as a picture of an evolutionary tree (also called phylogenetic tree). An evolutionary tree illustrates the branching of organisms over time from the past to present. The closer the separation (branching point), the closer the relationship is between groups. (So in the figure above, animals are closer related to fungi, than to plants.) An evolutionary tree is like a family tree, branching diagram, which shows relationships among various groups of organisms, how they have descended from earlier living common ancestors, over time changed, and branched to new species because of their physical and/or genetic characteristics due to adaptations to different environmental conditions. If groups (taxa) are joined together in the tree it means they have descended from a common ancestor. Evolutionary Tree The mechanism for the adaptations is called natural selection and it is the driving mechanism behind evolution. Viruses ---  (Source: Click on the figures.) Examples of diseases caused by a virus: Ebola, Marburg, Common Cold, Influensa, Warts, Hepatitis, Herpes, HIV, Measles (Rubeola), German Measles (Rubella), Mumps, Polio, Rabies. • Viruses are NOT bacteria Viruses: -- Non-cellular particles -- Structure: 1. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) 2. Protein capsid (capsule) 3. Lipid envelope (sometimes) Diseases caused by viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics
YouTube source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Rpj0emEGShQ Where did viruses come from? "... despite all of their common features and unique abilities to copy and spread their genomes, the origins of most viruses may remain forever obscure." (Source: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-where-did-viruses-come-fr/) Are Viruses Alive? "Regardless of whether or not we consider viruses to be alive, it is time to acknowledge and study them in their natural context‹within the web of life." (Source: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-viruses-alive-2004/)  Bacteria (Domain: Bacteria) --- (Picture from ed. 3 of Essentials of Biology, by Mader.) All bacteria are prokaryotic. That is why diseases caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics.def. Prokaryotic cell: Cell lacking the organelles found in eukaryotic cells. def. Eukaryotic cell: A cell that possesses a nucleus and other organelles.
1. single-celled (unicellular) 2. prokaryotic -- no nucleus -- circular DNA and a plasmids in the cytoplasm 4. has cell wall with peptidoglycan (few exceptions) 5. anaerobic and aerobic 6. heterotrophic or autotrophic (contain chlorophyll) 7. small Bacteria can reproduce both sexually and asexuallydef. Binary fission: Asexual reproduction in bacteria and protista. def. Plasmid: Accessory ring of bacterial DNA, often used in genetic engineering. def. Conjugation: "Sexual reproduction" in bacteria and protista, a mechanism by which a donor cell transfers genetic material to a recipient cell (usually another bacteria).
Some bacteria are the only organisms that can live permanently w/o oxygendef. Aerobic: Living or occurring only in the presence of free oxygen. def. Anaerobic: Living or occurring only in the absence of free oxygen.  - - - Bacteria - - -COMMENT ON THE YOUTUBE: Sal you save me in every subject! Physics bio chemistry calculus! I got through college thanks to you :D Bacteria. khanacademy.
   def. Bacillus (pl. Bacilli): Rod shaped bacteria Link Link def. Coccus (pl. Cocci): Spherical bacterium Link Link def. Spirillum (pl. Spirilla): Spiral or corkscrew shaped bacterium. Link Link • Rod shape (e.g., Bacillus bacteria)1. -- Bacillus thuringiensis (economic importance: produces insect toxin used in a natural insecticide) Link 2. -- Bacillus anthracis (disease causing: originally obtained fr certain domestic livestock, used for biological ware fare) Link 3. -- Lactobacillus bulgaricus (economic importance: yogurt production) Link 4. -- Rhizobium leguminosarum (economic importance: nitrogen fixing in soil -- symbiotic with legumes) Link 5. -- Salmonella enteritidis (disease causing: salmonella food poisoning) Link 6. -- Escherichia coli (normal intestinal body flora, disease causing: if in the wrong place or out of balance) Link Link 7. -- Vibrio cholerae (disease causing: cholera) Link 8. -- Clostridium botulinum (disease causing: botulism food poisoning -- fatal, due to a toxin), Botox 9. -- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (disease causing: tuberculosis -- chronic respiratory infection) Link
10. -- Streptococcus thermophilus (economic importance: yogurt production) Link 11. -- Staphylococcus aureus (disease causing: “regular” food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome (one form), wound infections) Link Link Link 12. -- Streptococcus pyogenes (disease causing: strep throat, rheumatic fever, wound infections, and toxic shock syndrome (another form)) Link 13. -- Neisseria gonorrhoeae disease causing: gonorrhea -- sexually transmitted) Link 14. -- Chlamydia trachomatis (disease causing: eye infection (pink eye), genital infection -- the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection)
15. -- Treponema pallidum (disease causing: syphilis -- sexually transmitted) Link 16. -- Borrelia burgdorferi (disease causing: lyme disease -- transmitted by ticks) Link
 Archaebacteria (Domain: Archaea) ----- many are extremophiles  (Picture from ed. 3 of Essentials of Biology, by Mader.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Halobacteria (salt tolerant bacteria)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- halophiles (loves salt)  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Thermo(Acido)philic Archaebacteria (hot springs bacteria)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- some are extreme thermophiles, e.g., Pyrodictium occultum. Lives around deep sea volcanic vents at temperatures around 105°C (‰217°F), and is anaerobic. (At sea level water boils at 100°C, but due to deep-sea pressure water boils above 105°C at these locations.)  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Psychrophilic Archaebacteria (extreme cold bacteria)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- live where there is unusually cold temperatures, where temperatures, ranging from - 20°C to +10°C, e.g., very salty water surrounded by sea ice. Psychrophiles for all (Source: Dr. Nilsson's old lecture notes. Permission given in 2001 by McGraw-Hills then sales representative, Don Grainger, to use the picture online on lecture notes.) |
